NATIVE AMERICANS--Past, present, and future

 

Brief Outline of Native American Life on the Great Plains:

 

1. Big Game Hunters/Paleo-Indians (9500 B.C. to 5500 B.C.)

 

2. Hunters and Gatherers: Archaic and Plains Woodland

             Plains Archaic- 5500 B.C. to 400 A.D.

          Plains Woodland (After 700 A.D. to European Contact)  

 

3. Village Farmers (1000 A.D. to 1738 A.D.)

 

4. Nomadic

5. Cultural Transformation

6. Reservation Life (Late 1800s to Present)

                Fort Totten (1867)

                Fort Berthold (1870)

                Turtle Mountain (1882)

                Standing Rock (1889--from the Great Sioux Reservation established by the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868)

                   

                    Citizen Act of 1924 recognized all Indians born in the United States full citizens.

                    Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 recognized tribal governments as sovereign

 

 

 

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Plains Village Tradition—1000 A.D. to 1860s

            Horticultural gardeners

                        Corn

                        Beans

                        Squash

                        Sunflowers

                        Melons

                        Tobacco

            Lived primarily in villages along the Missouri River Valley in the Dakotas

            Earthlodges constructed of logs, willow branches, and sod

            Hunted (Bison significant resource), often lived in tipi camps while hunting

            Created pottery

            Examples: Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara

 

Plains Equestrian/Nomadic Tradition—1750s to 1860s

            Lived in tipis year round (originally animal hide, later canvas)

            Semi-permanent camps

            Horsemen

            Hunters (Bison significant resource)

            Left less archeological evidence than the more sedentary village cultures

            Example: Sioux/Dakota

           

 

 

 

 

 

North Dakota Indian Communities:

1. Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nations

2. Spirit Lake Dakotah Nation

3. Standing Rock Sioux Tribe

4. Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians

5. Metis

    In the U.S.

    In Canada

      

 

 

 

 

 

See also:

 

            Wilson, Gilbert L. Buffalo Bird Woman’s Garden: Agriculture of the Hidatsa Indians. University of Minnesota

                  Press, 1917

 

            Ens, Gerhard J. Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the Nineteenth Century.  

                  Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996.